About Period

Women can expect to get their first period (menarche) at any time between the ages of nine and 15.

All women menstruate, but the experience for each woman can be very different. It may be hard to know what is normal and what’s not; when you might need to see a doctor; and what you can do to manage your period if it makes you feel uncomfortable.

In most women, the ‘menstrual cycle’ happens over 28 days, starting with the first day of your period. With each cycle your body prepares the lining of your uterus to create the ideal environment for a possible pregnancy.

Why do we have periods?

Your menstrual cycle is the time between one period and the next. Every month there is a complex interaction between the pituitary gland in the brain, the ovaries and the uterus (or womb). Messages and hormones are being passed around the body to prepare it for a possible pregnancy. An egg is produced, the lining of the uterus thickens up, hormones prepare the vagina and the cervix to accept and support sperm. When pregnancy doesn't occur, the egg is absorbed back into the body and the thick lining in the uterus is shed, this is your period. Then the cycle begins all over again. 

• Day one of your cycle is the first day of your period. This is when your uterus starts shedding the lining it has built up over the last 28 days.
• After your period is over, the lining of your uterus starts to build up again to become a thick and spongy ‘nest’ in preparation for a possible pregnancy.
• On day 14 (for most women), one of your ovaries will release an egg, which will make its way through a fallopian tube and will eventually make its way to your uterus (called ovulation).
• On day 28 (for most women), if you have not become pregnant, the lining of your uterus starts to shed. This is your period. The blood you lose during your period is the lining of your uterus.

The menstural cycle

If you have sex during a cycle, and your egg meets a sperm, you can become pregnant. When you’re pregnant, you don’t get your period.

Is a cycle always 28 days?

The average cycle is 28 days but, for some women, it is as short as 21 days, for others it is as long as 35 days. When you first start having periods, it can also take a while before your periods develop a regular pattern. Your cycle also changes as you get older.

Your menstruation cycle (and period) stops temporarily when you are pregnant. Breastfeeding also affects your cycle. At the end of menopause, your cycle stops permanently.

What does a period feel like? 

Some women will have pain in their belly (the lower abdomen). This can be a crampy pain or just a mild ache. You may have lower backache on its own or with the pain in your belly. The pain can often be stronger on the first day or two of your period and will vary in strength and severity from one women to another. Some women also have a headache or feel very tired just before their period arrives or on the first day. Mood changes, teariness and easily losing your temper can sometimes be an indicator that you are getting your period, this is referred to as premenstrual syndrome (PMS) or premenstrual tension (PMT). For some women this can be so overwhelming that they are unable to go about their normal lives. Any symptoms that you find hard to manage should be investigated with your GP.  

Many women have no symptoms at all. It is not uncommon for women to notice that they have their period only after they have gone to the toilet and found that there is blood on their underpants or on their toilet paper.

Even without overwhelming symptoms, some women still find it comforting to simply take time out when they get their period, and cuddle up with a hot water bottle.   

Adolescent girls and women can both experience skin changes and pimples with their periods. 

What to do when you get your period

Before you start getting periods it is good to be prepared for when it eventually comes. Hopefully you will have an opportunity to talk with your mother or sister or someone else in your family who can help you to prepare. Meanwhile here are some tips for when you do start bleeding.

• Use sanitary products like a pad, tampon or panty liner to absorb the bleeding. Pads and liners are longs strips of cotton that you stick to your underwear. Tampons are thin cylinders of dense cotton attached to a string that you put inside your vagina. Pads, liners and tampons come in different shapes and sizes but all of them need to be changed every four to six hours to stop leakage. You can use a tampon whenever you want, you don't have to wait until you start having sex before a tampon will go in. It may be a little hard to get it in to begin with, but you will get used to it very quickly.
• Keep a ‘period kit’ somewhere handy. This is because you might get your period unexpectedly or forget it’s due. Keeping some painkillers, sanitary products and a spare pair of underpants in your bag, at school or at work can be a lifesaver.
• Enjoy life as much as possible. It’s safe and often possible to do all the things you would normally do. It’s also okay to have sex when you have your period, but if you’re using a tampon you’ll need to take it out first.

If you have period pain you can take painkillers that you can buy over the counter at the chemist. If your pain isn’t relieved with regular painkillers, visit your GP (your local doctor).

France : Pays de Liberte / Freedom Land

PEACE IN THE WORLD

What can we say about this tragedy !!!
Once again innocent people died
When will all this stop ?





Please think about life in all decisions taking, in actions planning
We fought too much to reach our freedom and we are backing to savagery.











Please joint me in prayer posture for all victims, for their family , friends, ......
AND specially we must pray for the terrorists  so that they can understand the importance of life. Every single life belongs to GOD and no one has the right to take anybody else life for no reason.
PEACE in our HEART, our MIND, and our SOUL

Foodborne diseases

Foodborne diseases encompass a wide spectrum of illnesses and are a growing public health problem worldwide. They are the result of ingestion of foodstuffs contaminated with microorganisms or chemicals. The contamination of food may occur at any stage in the process from food production to consumption (“farm to fork”) and can result from environmental contamination, including pollution of water, soil or air.

The most common clinical presentation of foodborne disease takes the form of gastrointestinal symptoms; however, such diseases can also have neurological, gynaecological, immunological and other symptoms. Multiorgan failure and even cancer may result from the ingestion of contaminated foodstuffs, thus representing a considerable burden of disability as well as mortality.

World Health Day 2015: food safety

WHO is promoting efforts to improve food safety, from farm to plate (and everywhere in between) on World Health Day, 7 April 2015.

• World Health Day 2015: food safety
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Sexual and reproductive health

Female genital mutilation and other harmful practices

Research

Female genital mutilation has been practised in some form or other for several thousand years, yet scientific research into the reasons why it continues today and the full extent of the health damage it causes has been limited. Fortunately, knowledge is growing about how female genital mutilation can be reduced and how complications can be treated. Nevertheless, much of the knowledge that exists is published in journal articles and is not necessarily widely known

This site aims to bring together what knowledge we have from research on female genital mutilation and on interventions that have taken place to improve the health of women who have undergone the procedure. As many aspects of female genital mutilation are still under-documented, WHO encourages researchers who have studied aspects of it to share the benefits of their research with us to help clinicians and campaigners to improve the lives of women and girls whose health is damaged or threatened by this unnecessary and harmful procedure.

Research continues to be needed on aspects that will contribute to the elimination and prevention of FGM and better care for girls and women who have been subjected to the practice.

Topics that require further studies include: the dynamics of social and cultural change that lead to the abandonment of the practice, the prevalence of immediate health complications, girls' experiences of the practice, psychological consequences of FGM, care procedures for girls and women and birth care procedures that might reduce the risks from FGM for mothers and their babies, the impact of legal measures to prevent the practice, and its medicalization.

WHO welcomes contributions from researchers who have completed or are currently involved in research into FGM – whether as a social and cultural phenomenon, as a threat to physical or mental health, or as a source of complications that need effective management. This latter area is especially lacking in detail – just what are the most effective methods of managing the complications suffered by girls and women who have undergone FGM?

The research has been grouped into the following areas of work :

• Health consequences of female genital mutilation
• Treatment of persons with female genital mutilation
• Medicalization of female genital mutilation
• Prevalence and classification of female genital mutilation
• Changing behaviour with regard to female genital mutilation

10 facts on food safety

The great majority of people will experience a food or water borne disease at some point in their lives. This highlights the importance of making sure the food we eat is not contaminated with potentially harmful bacteria, parasites, viruses, toxins and chemicals.

“Food safety: from farm to plate, make food safe” is the theme of World Health Day 2015. The day focuses on demonstrating the importance of food safety along the whole length of the food chain in a globalised world, from production and transport, to preparation and consumption.

Over the past half century, the process by which food gets from the farm to the plate has changed drastically. Food contamination that occurs in one place may affect the health of consumers living on the other side of the planet. This means that everyone along the production chain, from producer to consumer, must observe safe food handling practices.

Ultraviolet radiation

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is electromagnetic radiation, with wavelengths between 100 and 400 nm. Small amounts of UV radiation are essential for the production of vitamin D in humans, but exposure to large doses may have short- and long-term adverse effects on the skin, the eyes and the immune system.

Poverty on earth

Poverty is associated with the undermining of a range of key human attributes, including health. The poor are exposed to greater personal and environmental health risks, are less well nourished, have less information and are less able to access health care; they thus have a higher risk of illness and disability. Conversely, illness can reduce household savings, lower learning ability, reduce productivity, and lead to a diminished quality of life, thereby perpetuating or even increasing poverty.

Poverty is often defined in absolute terms of low income – less than US$2 a day, for example. But in reality, the consequences of poverty exist on a relative scale. The poorest of the poor, around the world, have the worst health. Within countries, the evidence shows that in general the lower an individual’s socioeconomic position the worse their health. There is a social gradient in health that runs from top to bottom of the socioeconomic spectrum. This is a global phenomenon, seen in low, middle and high income countries.